Corresponding domestic and international grades of TP304L:

Minimum mechanical performance parameters

Chemical element (wt%)

Heat treatment

Annealing is carried out within the temperature range of 1050-1100℃, followed by rapid cooling. TP304L cannot be hardened through heat treatment.

Characteristics

Under normal conditions, the corrosion resistance of TP304L is similar to that of TP304. However, after welding or stress relief, it has excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion and can maintain good corrosion resistance even without heat treatment.

Its operating temperature range is -196℃ to 800℃. It is applied to outdoor machinery in the chemical, coal and petroleum industries with high requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion, heat-resistant parts in building materials and parts that are difficult to heat treat.

Application

It is used for manufacturing household items of Class 1 and 2, such as tableware, cabinets, indoor pipelines, water heaters, boilers, bathtubs, auto parts, windshield wipers, mufflers, molded products, medical equipment, building materials, chemicals, food industry, agriculture, and ship components.

309S is a high-chromium and high-nickel austenitic heat-resistant stainless steel, featuring excellent high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance. It is widely used in high-temperature equipment and corrosive environments. The following is a detailed introduction to the 309S material:

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### 1. Chemical Composition

The chemical composition of 309S mainly includes:

- Chromium (Cr) : 22.00%-24.00%, providing excellent corrosion resistance and oxidation resistance.

Nickel (Ni) : 12.00%-15.00%, enhancing the strength, toughness and high-temperature resistance of the material.

- ** Carbon (C) ** : ≤0.08%. The low carbon content reduces the precipitation of carbides and lowers the risk of intergranular corrosion.

- Other elements: Manganese (Mn) ≤2.00%, Silicon (Si) ≤1.00%, Phosphorus (P) ≤0.045%, Sulfur (S) ≤0.030%.

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### 2. Performance Characteristics

309S stainless steel has the following remarkable properties:

1. ** High-temperature resistance ** :

It can be repeatedly heated below 980℃. The long-term operating temperature can reach 650℃-700℃, and the short-term heat resistance temperature can reach 1050℃.

It can still maintain high strength and oxidation resistance at high temperatures and is suitable for high-temperature furnaces, burners and other equipment.

2. ** Corrosion resistance **

It has good corrosion resistance to corrosive media such as acids, alkalis and salts, especially performing exceptionally well in sulfur-containing atmospheres.

The low carbon content and high chromium-nickel ratio effectively reduce the risk of intergranular corrosion.

3. ** Antioxidant performance ** :

It can form a dense oxide layer at high temperatures to prevent further oxidation and corrosion.

4. ** Mechanical Properties **

The tensile strength is ≥520MPa, the yield strength is ≥205MPa, and the elongation is ≥40%, demonstrating excellent stability in mechanical properties.

5. Processing Performance:

It is easy to machine, weld and cold work, and is suitable for manufacturing components with complex shapes.

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### 3. Application Fields

Due to its excellent performance, 309S stainless steel is widely used in the following fields:

- High-temperature equipment: such as furnace tubes, heating furnaces, heat treatment equipment, incinerators, etc.

- ** Chemical Industry ** : It is used for manufacturing corrosion-resistant equipment such as reaction vessels, distillation towers, and storage tanks.

- ** Environmental protection equipment ** : such as desulfurization devices, sewage treatment equipment, etc.

- ** Energy Industry ** : Used for high-temperature components such as boilers and heat exchangers.

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### 4. Comparison with Other Stainless Steels

Compared with 304 stainless steel, 309S has a higher chromium and nickel content, better high-temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, and is more suitable for high-temperature environments.

Compared with 316L stainless steel, 309S does not contain molybdenum, but it has more outstanding oxidation resistance and heat resistance in high-temperature environments.

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### 5. Summary

309S is a high-performance heat-resistant stainless steel, suitable for the manufacturing of industrial equipment in high-temperature and corrosive environments. Its high chromium and nickel content, low-carbon design and excellent processing performance make it have broad application prospects in the fields of chemical engineering, energy, environmental protection, etc.

If more detailed technical parameters or application cases are needed, relevant standards can be referred to or professional suppliers can be contacted.

Corresponding domestic and international grades of 310S:

Minimum mechanical performance parameters

Chemical element (wt%)

Heat treatment: Annealing is carried out within the temperature range of 1030-1180℃, followed by rapid cooling.

Characteristics

310S is an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel. It has excellent oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance, as well as good creep strength. It can operate continuously at high temperatures and has good high-temperature resistance. 310S is designed for high-temperature environments and has better oxidation resistance than 309S steel. It is often used as heat-resistant steel and in boilers. The maximum operating temperature can reach 1200 ℃, and the continuous operating temperature is 1150 ℃. 310S forms the following characteristics due to a higher percentage of chromium and nickel:

Better antioxidant cycle

Prevent sulfidation

Good tensile strength at high temperatures

Good resistance to intergranular corrosion

Application

310S high-alloy stainless steel typically exhibits excellent high-temperature strength, creep resistance and environmental corrosion resistance. Therefore, they are widely used in the components of furnaces in the heat treatment industry, such as conveyor belts, rollers, furnace heads, refractory pads, and pipe racks, etc. At the same time, it is also applied in the chemical processing industry to carry hot concentrated acids, ammonia water and disulfides. In the food processing industry, 310S can be used to come into contact with hot acetic acid and citric acid.

Corresponding domestic and international grades of TP317L:

Minimum mechanical performance parameters

Chemical element (wt%)

Heat treatment

The initial temperature range is 2100-2200°F (1150-1205°C), and the final temperature range is 1700-1750°F (927-955°C). Then gas cooling or water quenching is carried out. Whether to use the former or the latter depends on its thickness. Cool the metal from the annealing temperature within 3 minutes.

Characteristics

317L is a stainless steel with a low carbon content. It contains more chromium, nickel and molybdenum, so it has better corrosion resistance than 316L. Generally speaking, the corrosion resistance of metals increases with the increase of molybdenum content in the alloy. This alloy can withstand sulfuric acid with a concentration as high as 5% in an environment with a temperature up to 120°F (49°C). These alloys exhibit outstanding corrosion resistance in environments with temperatures below 100°F (38°C), capable of withstanding the corrosion of solutions with higher concentrations. 

Application

TP317L is applied in sulfur, pulp liquefaction, dyes, mixed ethylene and nitrate, bleaching, fume exhaust and chemical mixture, etc. For example:

*Pulp processing equipment

*Textile equipment

*Food manufacturing equipment

Corresponding domestic and international grades of 904L:

The minimum mechanical properties of 904L alloy at room temperature:

Chemical element (wt%)

Heat treatment: Annealing is carried out within the temperature range of 1075- 1125℃, followed by rapid cooling.

Feature:

904L is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel with a very low carbon content. This alloy is designed for environments with harsh corrosive conditions. Originally, this alloy was developed to resist corrosion in dilute sulfuric acid. This feature has been verified to be very successful through years of practical application. Nowadays, 904L has been standardized in many countries and has been approved for use in the manufacture of pressure vessels. Like other commonly used CrNi austenitic steels, 904L alloy has excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, high resistance to stress corrosion cracking, good resistance to intergranular corrosion, and good machinability and weldability.

Since the carbon content of 904L is very low (up to 0.020%), no carbides will precipitate during general heat treatment and welding. This eliminates the risk of intergranular corrosion that occurs after general heat treatment and welding. Due to its high content of chromium, nickel and molybdenum, and the addition of copper, 904L can be passivated even in reducing environments such as sulfuric acid and formic acid. The high nickel content makes it have a relatively low corrosion rate even in the active state. In pure sulfuric acid within the concentration range of 0 to 98%, the operating temperature of 904L can be as high as 40 degrees Celsius. In pure phosphoric acid with a concentration range of 0 to 85%, its corrosion resistance is very good. In industrial phosphoric acid produced by the wet process, impurities have a strong influence on the anti-corrosion performance. Among all kinds of phosphoric acids, 904L has better corrosion resistance than ordinary stainless steel. In highly oxidizing nitric acid, 904L has a lower corrosion resistance compared to highly alloyed steel grades without molybdenum. In hydrochloric acid, the use of 904L is limited to a lower concentration range of 1-2%. The corrosion resistance of 904L is better than that of conventional stainless steel. 904L steel has a very high resistance to pitting corrosion. Its resistance to crevice corrosion is also very good in chloride solutions. The high nickel content of 904L reduces the corrosion rate in pits and crevices. Ordinary austenitic stainless steel may be sensitive to stress corrosion in a chloride-rich environment when the temperature is above 60 degrees Celsius. This sensitization can be reduced by increasing the nickel content of stainless steel. Due to its high nickel content, 904L has a very high resistance to stress corrosion cracking in chloride solutions, concentrated hydroxide solutions and environments rich in hydrogen sulfide.

Application

904L alloy is a versatile material that can be applied in many industrial fields:

1. Petroleum and petrochemical equipment, such as reactors in petrochemical equipment, etc.

2. Storage and transportation equipment for sulfuric acid, such as heat exchangers, etc.

3. The flue gas desulfurization device in power plants is mainly used in the following parts: the tower body of the absorption tower, flue ducts, baffle plates, internal components, spray systems, etc.

4. Scrubbers and fans in the organic acid treatment system.

Material Introduction and Application Scenarios of N08367

#### 1. Overview

N08367 (also known as AL-6XN) is a super austenitic stainless steel, renowned for its excellent corrosion resistance, high strength and high heat resistance. It achieves outstanding performance in extreme environments through a reasonable proportion of high-content nickel, chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen elements. N08367 not only has corrosion resistance comparable to that of Hastelloy and pure titanium, but also has become a popular choice among high-performance materials due to its economy.

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#### 2. Chemical composition and physical properties

The chemical composition of N08367 mainly includes:

Nickel (Ni) : 23.5%-25.5%, providing excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength.

- Chromium (Cr) : 20.0%-22.0%, enhancing oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance.

- ** Molybdenum (Mo) ** : 6.0%-7.0%, significantly enhancing resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.

- ** Nitrogen (N) ** : 0.18%-0.25%, enhancing the strength and corrosion resistance of materials.

Its physical properties include:

- ** Density ** : 8.24 g/cm³

- Melting point: 1320-1400℃.

- ** Elastic modulus ** : 290 GPa.

- Thermal conductivity: 90 W/(m·℃).

- Hardness (HB) : 280.

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#### 3. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance

The mechanical properties of N08367 are excellent:

- Tensile strength: ≥650 MPa.

- Yield strength: ≥295 MPa.

- ** Elongation ** : ≥35%.

In terms of corrosion resistance, N08367 performs exceptionally well:

- ** Resistance to Chloride corrosion ** : It has excellent resistance to pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking in seawater and high chloride ion concentration environments.

- ** Acid resistance ** : It can resist corrosive media such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and hydrofluoric acid.

- ** High-temperature corrosion resistance ** : It can maintain excellent corrosion resistance at high temperatures and is suitable for high-temperature furnaces and flue gas desulfurization equipment.

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#### 4. Processing and heat treatment

N08367 has good processing performance, but the following processes should be noted:

- ** Cutting processing ** : Due to its high hardness and strength, super-hard tools need to be used and the cutting parameters optimized.

- ** Welding ** : It is recommended to adopt TIG welding or MIG welding and use AWS A5.14 welding wire ErNICRMMO-3 to avoid intergranular corrosion and embrittlement in the heat-affected zone.

- ** Heat treatment ** : Usually, it is held at 980-1150℃ for 1-2 hours, followed by rapid air cooling or water cooling to optimize its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

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#### 5. Application scenarios

N08367 has been widely applied in multiple fields due to its outstanding performance:

"Chemical industry

It is used for manufacturing reactors, heat exchangers, storage tanks and other equipment, and can effectively resist the corrosion of various acidic substances.

2. "Marine Engineering

It is suitable for seawater desalination equipment, offshore platforms, ship parts, etc., due to its excellent resistance to seawater corrosion.

3. ** Oil and Gas Industry **

It is used for oil well casings, pipes, valves, etc., and can withstand harsh environments containing sulfides, carbon dioxide and high chlorides.

4. Energy Industry

It is used in nuclear power plants, thermal power plants and other equipment to manufacture high-temperature components and flue gas desulfurization devices (FGD), providing extremely strong corrosion resistance protection.

5. Food Processing and Pharmaceutical Industry

It complies with food hygiene standards and is used for manufacturing food processing equipment, containers and pharmaceutical equipment.

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#### 6. Summary

N08367 is a high-performance super austenitic stainless steel. With its excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength and mechanical properties, it plays a significant role in fields such as chemical engineering, Marine engineering, oil and gas, and energy. Its economy and broad application prospects make it a leader among high-performance materials. With the advancement of technology, N08367 will demonstrate its unique advantages in more fields and provide reliable support for industrial development.

Material Introduction and Application Scenarios of S30803/253MA

#### 1. Overview

S30803 (also known as 253MA) is a heat-resistant austenitic stainless steel,  specifically designed for applications that require high creep strength,  oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. Its chemical composition has been optimized,  enabling it to maintain excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in high-temperature environments. It is  widely used in high-temperature furnaces, chemical equipment, energy industries and other fields.

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#### 2. Chemical composition and physical properties

The chemical composition of S30803/253MA mainly includes:

Chromium (Cr) : 20.0%-22.0%, providing excellent oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance.

- ** Nickel (Ni) ** : 10.0%-12.0%, enhancing high temperature strength and toughness.

- ** Silicon (Si) ** : 1.4%-2.0% in combination with rare earth elements, it enhances the antioxidant performance.

- ** Nitrogen (N) ** : 0.14%-0.20%, improving creep performance and high temperature strength.

Rare earth elements (Ce) : 0.03%-0.08%, significantly enhancing antioxidant capacity.

Its physical properties include:

- ** Density ** : 7.8 g/cm³.

- Melting point: 1320-1400℃.

-Coefficient of thermal expansion: 8.5×10⁻⁶/℃ (20-100℃).

- Hardness: HB 180-230.

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#### 3. Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance

S30803/253MA exhibits excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures:

- Tensile strength: ≥600 MPa.

- Yield strength: ≥310 MPa.

- ** Elongation ** : ≥35%.

In terms of corrosion resistance, S30803/253MA has the following characteristics:

- ** Antioxidant property ** :  It forms a dense oxide layer at high temperatures, with an antioxidant temperature as high as 1150℃.

- ** Creep resistance ** : It has excellent creep resistance within the range of 850℃-1100℃.

- ** Chemical resistance ** :  It has excellent corrosion resistance to media such as sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and chlorides.

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#### 4. Processing and heat treatment

The S30803/253MA has excellent processing performance:

- ** Hot Working ** :  It is recommended to carry out hot forming within the range of 1000℃-1200℃,  and the final temperature should be higher than 900℃.

- ** Cold working ** :  Strength and surface quality can be enhanced through processes such as cold rolling and cold drawing.

- ** Welding ** :  Applicable to conventional welding methods such as arc welding and argon arc welding,  no heat treatment is required after welding.

Heat treatment processes include:

- ** Solution treatment ** : Heat to 1050℃-1150℃, then rapidly cool to obtain a single-phase austenite structure.

- ** Aging treatment ** : Hold at 850℃-950℃ to precipitate the strengthening phase and enhance hardness and strength.

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#### 5. Application scenarios

S30803/253MA has been widely applied in multiple fields due to its outstanding performance:

1. High-temperature furnaces and heat treatment equipment

It is used for manufacturing high-temperature furnace chambers, heating elements, burners, etc.,  and can operate stably for a long time at temperatures below 1150℃.

2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

It is suitable for equipment such as reaction vessels, heat exchangers and pipelines,  and can resist the erosion of high temperatures and corrosive media.

3. Energy Industry

It is used for components of thermal power station boilers, flue gas desulfurization equipment, etc.,  and can withstand high temperatures, high pressures and corrosive atmospheres.

4. Aerospace and Shipbuilding

It is used for manufacturing engine turbine blades, combustion chambers, Marine boilers, etc.,  to meet the performance requirements under high-temperature and high-pressure environments.

5. Environmental Protection and Metallurgical Industry

It is used in waste gas treatment equipment, high-temperature filters, metallurgical furnaces, etc.,  and can operate stably for a long time in high-temperature and corrosive environments.

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#### 6. Summary

S30803/253MA is a high-performance heat-resistant austenitic stainless steel. With its excellent oxidation resistance,  corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength, it plays a significant role in high-temperature,  high-pressure and corrosive environments. Its wide range of application fields include high-temperature furnaces,  chemical equipment, energy industry, aerospace, etc.,  providing reliable material support for industrial development. With the advancement of technology,  S30803/253MA will demonstrate its unique advantages in more fields and become an important choice among high-performance  materials.

Corresponding domestic and international grades of 254SMO:

Minimum mechanical performance parameters

Chemical element (wt%)

Characteristics

254 SMO(00Cr20Ni18Mo6CuN,S31254) is an austenitic stainless steel. Due to its high molybdenum content, it has extremely high resistance to pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion. This grade of stainless steel is developed and researched for use in environments containing halides, such as seawater. 254SMO also has good resistance to uniform corrosion. Especially in acids containing halides, this steel is superior to ordinary stainless steel.

Its carbon content is less than 0.03%, so it is called pure austenitic stainless steel (less than 0.01% is also called super austenitic stainless steel).

Super stainless steel and nickel-based alloys are both special types of stainless steel. Firstly, they differ from ordinary stainless steel in chemical composition. They refer to high-alloy stainless steel containing high nickel, high chromium and high molybdenum. Among them, the more well-known one is the steel containing 6%Mo (254SMo). This type of steel has excellent resistance to local corrosion. Under conditions of seawater, aeration, presence of crevices, and low-speed erosion, it has good resistance to pitting corrosion (PI≥40) and relatively good resistance to stress corrosion. It is a substitute material for nickel-based alloys and titanium alloys. Secondly, in terms of high-temperature resistance or corrosion resistance, it has even more outstanding high-temperature resistance or corrosion resistance, which is irreplaceable by 304 stainless steel. In addition, from the classification of stainless steel, the metallographic structure of special stainless steel is a stable austenitic metallographic structure.

As this special stainless steel is a highly alloyed material, its manufacturing process is rather complex. Generally, people can only rely on traditional techniques to produce this special stainless steel, such as casting, forging, rolling, etc.

Corrosion resistance: This is a highly corrosion-resistant super austenitic stainless steel, developed for environments with halides and acids, and is widely used in harsh working conditions such as high-concentration chloride ion media and seawater. In various industrial Settings with acidic media, especially in acids containing halides, 254SMO is far superior to other stainless steels. In some cases, it can rival Hastelloy and titanium. Its low carbon content and high molybdenum content endow it with excellent resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion, as well as outstanding resistance to intergranular corrosion. It is a cost-effective stainless steel and is widely used in the fields of chemical engineering, desulfurization and environmental protection both at home and abroad.

High temperature resistance

1. A large number of on-site experiments and extensive usage experience have shown that even at slightly higher temperatures, 254SMO has high resistance to crevice corrosion in seawater, and only a few types of stainless steel have this performance.

2. The corrosion resistance of 254SMO in acidic solutions and oxidative halide solutions required for paper bleaching production is comparable to that of nickel based alloys and titanium alloys, which have the strongest corrosion resistance.

3. Due to its high nitrogen content, 254SMO has higher mechanical strength than other types of austenitic stainless steels. In addition, 254SMO also has high ductility, impact strength, and good weldability.

4. The high molybdenum content of 254SMO enables it to have a higher oxidation rate during annealing, resulting in a rougher surface than ordinary stainless steel after pickling. But this has no adverse effect on the corrosion resistance of the steel.

Application field

1. Ocean: Marine structures in sea areas, seawater desalination, Marine aquaculture, seawater heat exchange, etc.

2. Environmental protection field: Flue gas desulfurization devices for thermal power generation, wastewater treatment, etc.

3. Energy sector: atomic power generation, comprehensive utilization of coal, tidal power generation, etc.

4. Petrochemical field: oil refining, chemical and chemical equipment, etc.

5. Food industry: salt production, soy sauce brewing, etc.

6. High-concentration chloride ion environment: Papermaking industry, various bleaching devices.

TP304/TP304H

Corresponding domestic and international grades of TP304L:

Minimum mechanical performance parameters

Chemical element (wt%)

Heat treatment

Annealing is carried out within the temperature range of 1050-1100℃, followed by rapid cooling. TP304H cannot be hardened by heat treatment.

Characteristics

TP304 is perhaps the most common stainless steel in the world, and the "H" in TP304H refers to the high carbon content, that is, the carbon content must be between 0.04% and 0.10%.

The higher carbon content of TP304H enhances its strength. Therefore, the ASTM tensile strength and yield strength of TP304H are better than those of 304L.

The creep strength of TP304H at 500 degrees is better than that of 304L, and TP304H has better corrosion resistance than TP304L.

ASME stipulates that for pressure vessels with a temperature higher than 525 degrees Celsius, the carbon content of TP304 must be higher than 0.04%. TP304H is suitable for such projects.

Application

The TP304H is most commonly used in petroleum refining plants and is also applied in boilers. Other applications include: heat exchangers, condensers, pipes, cooling towers, exhaust pipes, and power plants. Sometimes it is also applied in chemical plants.

Corresponding domestic and international grades of TP316L:

Minimum mechanical performance parameters

Chemical element (wt%)

Heat treatment

Annealing is carried out within the temperature range of 1850-2050F° (1010 ° C -1120 ° C), followed by rapid annealing and then rapid cooling. TP316L stainless steel cannot be hardened through heat treatment.

Feature:

The performance of TP316L is superior to that of TP304. It has excellent corrosion resistance in the production process of pulp and paper, and is also resistant to erosion by Marine and corrosive industrial atmospheres.

TP316L stainless steel exhibits excellent oxidation resistance in intermittent use at temperatures below 871°C(1600 ° F) and continuous use at temperatures below 927 °C(1700 ° F). It is not advisable to use TP316L stainless steel continuously within the temperature range of 427°C to 857°C(800°F to 1575°F). However, when used continuously outside this temperature range, TP316L stainless steel has good heat resistance. The resistance to carbide precipitation of TP316L stainless steel is better than that of 316 stainless steel and can be used within the above-mentioned temperature range.

Application:

Heat exchangers for pulp and papermaking equipment, dyeing equipment, film developing equipment, pipelines, and materials for the exterior of buildings in coastal areas.

It should also be applied in the field of solenoid valves, mainly used for shells, clamps, balls, valve bodies, valve seats, nuts, valve stems, etc.

316Ti is a type of stainless steel material, belonging to the austenitic stainless steel series, and it is the titanium (Ti) stabilized version of 316 stainless steel. It adds titanium to 316 stainless steel to enhance its resistance to intergranular corrosion, especially in high-temperature environments. The following are the main features and applications of 316Ti material:

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The main features of the 316Ti

** Chemical composition ** :

The main components include chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo) and titanium (Ti).

The addition of titanium is usually more than five times the carbon content, which is used to stabilize carbides and prevent chromium carbide from precipitating at the grain boundaries, thereby enhancing corrosion resistance.

2. "Corrosion Resistance" :

-316Ti has excellent corrosion resistance, especially in chloride environments (such as seawater or chemical media).

The addition of titanium makes it less prone to intergranular corrosion in welding or high-temperature environments.

3. High-temperature performance:

-316Ti can maintain excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at high temperatures, making it suitable for equipment manufacturing in high-temperature environments.

4. ** Mechanical Properties **

It features high strength and toughness, as well as excellent processing performance (such as welding, cold working, etc.).

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The main uses of 316Ti

1. "Chemical Industry"

It is used for manufacturing corrosion-resistant chemical equipment, such as reactors, pipelines, heat exchangers, etc.

2. Marine Engineering:

It is suitable for seawater desalination equipment, ship components, etc., as it has a strong resistance to chloride corrosion.

3. ** Food and Pharmaceutical Industry **

It is used in the manufacture of food processing equipment, pharmaceutical equipment, etc., because it is non-toxic, corrosion-resistant and easy to clean.

4. High-temperature equipment:

It is used for manufacturing components of high-temperature furnaces, heat exchangers, etc.

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The differences between 316Ti and 316L

- **316L** : Low-carbon version, which reduces the formation of chromium carbide by lowering the carbon content, thereby enhancing the resistance to intergranular corrosion.

- **316Ti** : By adding titanium to stabilize carbides, it is more suitable for applications in high-temperature environments.

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### Summary

316Ti is a high-performance stainless steel material, suitable for fields with high requirements for corrosion resistance and high-temperature performance. Its titanium stabilization property makes it have broad application prospects in chemical engineering, Marine engineering and high-temperature equipment.

Corresponding domestic and international grades of TP321:

Minimum mechanical performance parameters

Chemical element (wt%)

Heat treatment: Annealing is carried out within the temperature range of 920-1150℃, followed by rapid cooling. TP321 cannot be hardened through heat treatment.

Characteristics

TP321/TP321H is a Ni-Cr-Mo type austenitic stainless steel. Its properties are very similar to those of TP304. However, due to the addition of metallic titanium, it has better resistance to intergranular corrosion and high-temperature strength. The addition of metallic titanium has effectively controlled the formation of chromium carbide.

The excellent high-temperature Stress Rupture performance and high-temperature Creep Resistance performance of TP321/TP321H are superior to those of TP304 in terms of stress mechanical properties.

Application

It is applied to outdoor machines in the chemical, coal and petroleum industries with high requirements for resistance to intergranular corrosion, heat-resistant parts in building materials and parts that are difficult to heat treat:

1. Petroleum waste gas combustion pipeline

2. Engine exhaust pipe

3. Boiler shells, heat exchangers, and heating furnace components

4. Silencing components for diesel engines

5. Boilers and pressure vessels

6. Chemical transport vehicle

7. Expansion joint

8. Spiral welded pipes for furnace pipelines and dryers

Corresponding domestic and international grades of TP347:

Minimum mechanical performance parameters

Chemical element (wt%)

Heat treatment: Rapidly anneal at 980-1150℃ and then rapidly cool. The temperature of the stabilization heat treatment process is 850-930℃.

Characteristics

TP347/TP347H is a type of stainless steel austenitic based on the principle of stabilization. This alloy is easy to weld. Annealing after welding is not necessary, unless stress relief is required. This alloy has excellent oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance. It has excellent creep resistance, so it can operate at 871℃ (1600 ° F). The addition of niobium in TP347/TP347H endows it with more characteristics:

Prevent harmful carbonized substances from depositing in the welding area under the influence of heat

Reduce intergranular corrosion

Application

This alloy is often used in the petroleum refining industry: radiant superheated equipment, boilers, high-pressure steam pipes, common refining pipes, and exhaust systems.